différence entre an et année

In 2005, the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar was 1.3% (200,000–570,000 people), according to UNAIDS, and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent. Danny Fisher", "TIFF List 2011: A Complete Guide To The Toronto International Film Festival", "Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence(1947–1975)", Republic of the Union of Myanmar – President's Office, Interactive timeline of turning points in Burmese history, Online Burma/Myanmar Library: Classified and annotated links to more than 17,000 full-text documents on Burma/Myanmar, Myanmar: Southeast Asia's Last Frontier for Investment, A Roadmap to Building Myanmar into the Food Basket of Asia, Myanmar's Institutional Infrastructure Constraints and How to Fill the Gaps, World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Myanmar, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myanmar&oldid=980409206, States and territories established in 1948, Articles containing Burmese-language text, Articles with dead external links from September 2016, Pages with DOIs inactive as of 2020 August, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Où sont passés les neuf millions de Birmans manquants? In a video released on 3 September 2014, mainly addressed to India, the militant group's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing "what they can to rescue you". Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan for a Sino-Myanmar border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). La Birmanie a aussi un taux de fécondité de 2,16 enfants par femme en 2015, ce qui représente une baisse importante par rapport au taux de 4,7 en 1983 et alors que les pays ayant une situation économique similaire comme le Cambodge et le Laos sont respectivement à 2,7 et à 2,83 enfants par femme. [316] [267] There exists debate as to the extent to which the American-led sanctions have had more adverse effects on the civilian population than on the military rulers. Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London. La Birmanie a une densité de population de 75 habitants au kilomètre carré, ce qui est un chiffre assez faib… [226], Homosexual acts are illegal in Myanmar and can be punishable by life imprisonment. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar.[110]. The results, 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99%, are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread fraud, ballot stuffing, and voter intimidation. The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012. Le taux de variation de la population 2018 correspond à la somme du solde naturel 2018 et du solde migratoire 2018 divisée par la population au. [11] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of ethnic minorities, its response to the ethnic insurgency, and religious clashes. [159], Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. [24] The CIA's World Factbook lists the country as Burma as of August 2020[update]. [276], In December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange. [337] Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival. [283][284][285] The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas. Population féminine actuelle (50.7%) 744 663. Moins aventureuse, moins hors sentiers battus qu'autrefois, le pays attire maintenant un … 2001. Myanmar performs best (ie. "[270] Sanctions remain in place for blocked banks[271] and for any business entities that are more than 50% owned by persons on "OFAC's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons list (SDN list)". [263], The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air. [216], According to the Crisis Group,[217] since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. [137], Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S. and many European companies. [285][286], Myanmar is ethnically diverse. ", in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces. There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar, consisting mainly of distinct Tibeto-Burman peoples, but with sizeable populations of Tai–Kadai, Hmong–Mien, and Austroasiatic (Mon–Khmer) peoples.[287]. [237], Myanmar is one of the poorest nations in Southeast Asia, suffering from decades of stagnation, mismanagement and isolation. General elections were held on 8 November 2015. [295] The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time. [343] In April 2013, international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012. In 1940, before Japan formally entered the war, Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan. The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. Later on most young children learned the concepts from them. Often, the boats are very small and dangerous on the open seas. "[266] Expansions were expected in September 2013 but are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines. [42] The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon. [184] Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. Foreigners will no longer need a local partner to start a business in the country, and will be able to legally lease but not own property. The British then granted independence to the colony and handed over their plans to rebuild to the new government. Source: Pew Research Center. On 4 January 1948, the nation became an independent republic, under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947. [313][314] Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914[315] and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages. Coupey, A. S. (2008). C'est un indicateur synthétique des taux de mortalité par âge de 2018. 2nd Ed. For the Myanmar language, see, "Burma" redirects here. 135 groupes ethniques (Shan, Karen, Karenni, Mon, Kachin, Chin et Arakanais etc…) sont officiellement recensés par le gouvernement. Le taux d'urbanisation est estimé en 2015 à 34,1 %. [116] The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar's longest river at nearly 2,170 kilometres (1,348 mi), flows into the Gulf of Martaban. non-disintegration of national solidarity. [248] It produced 75% of the world's teak and had a highly literate population. The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government. [145] The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011, when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital, Naypyidaw, the same day as the country received a visit by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor. [52], Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. [212] Whole villages were "decimated". [304][305][306] More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape persecution. On 13 April 2012 British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader, Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament. Myanmar's "Valley of Rubies", the mountainous Mogok area, 200 km (120 mi) north of Mandalay, is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue sapphires. Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar, but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S. support. [215] Two Reuters journalists were imprisoned in December 2017 for violating state secrets law when they were covering the mass exodus of the Rohingya Muslim minority. The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters,[331] primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture. [341] Football is played all over the country, even in villages, and its national team is ruled by the Myanmar Football Federation. [49], Around the second century BCE the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. [111] The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016,[112] and on 15 March 2016, Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962. Taipei American Chamber of Commerce; Topics Magazine, Analysis, November 2012. According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics, Myanmar's official literacy rate as of 2000 was 90%. [77] Myanmar's admittance to least developed country status by the UN in 1987 highlighted its economic bankruptcy. As a major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II by the Japanese invasion. In May 1990, the government held free elections for the first time in almost 30 years, and the National League for Democracy (NLD), the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, won 392 out of a total 492 seats (i.e., 80% of the seats). As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the "Union of Myanmar" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. [218] In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms. [256], Many U.S. and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. "[94] Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar. [225], Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. [303] Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar, where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years. The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly[169] called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution "strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms" and calling on the Burmese military regime "to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law. [99] During the incident, the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels. "Two journalists covering Rohingya crisis in Burma arrested for possessing ‘secret papers’". From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.[59]. [84] Humanitarian aid was requested, but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies. Decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmar's current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress. The persecution of Burmese Indians, Burmese Chinese and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General Ne Win in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people. [326] Historically, Myanmar has had high literacy rates. According to Eleven magazine, "In the past, there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore. [288][289] Myanmar's ethnic minority groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures. 2002. The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Over 200 have died in recent years and over 7,000 have been held in detention centres even after surviving the boat trip. In the mid-to-late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan. [323][324][325] However, the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV.[325]. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. [132][133], Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the Corruption Perceptions Index with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide, with 1st being least corrupt, as of 2019[update]. Veterans History Project, Library of Congress", "Author Discusses Martyrs' Day Assassination of Aung San", "Can Another Asian Fill U Thant's Shoes? Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F). This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. La Birmanie est une véritable mosaïque culturelle. [48] Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. [349] Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled Chroniques Birmanes by Québécois author and animator, Guy Delisle. [330] Myanmar is the world's second largest producer of opium after Afghanistan, producing some 25% of the world's opium, and forms part of the Golden Triangle. [320][321] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. [129] After unexpected reforms in 2011, NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. [231] Myanmar is a signatory to a special ASEAN treaty that bans all types of nuclear weapons in signatory states in Southeast Asia. Découvrez nos suggestions d’itinéraires en Birmanie: Selon les dernières enquêtes démographiques effectuées sur la population Birmanie, les Birmanes seraient de 56,3 millions. Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced. Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the Anglo-Burmese community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma. Population masculine actuelle (49.3%) 28 523 778. La population urbanisée est estimée à 34,1 % de la population, avec un taux d’urbanisation de 2,49 % par an. In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising. They depend on casual labour for income. [191] The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. [167][168] In November 2012, Samantha Power, Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House blog in advance of the president's visit that "Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children. [328] Factors influencing Myanmar's high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict. The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors, including extreme delays in marriage (almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region), the prevalence of illegal abortions, and the high proportion of single, unmarried women of reproductive age, with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single. ", "Caution by Junta's Asian Neighbors Reflects Their Self-Interest", "24th ASEAN Summit, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 10–11 May 2014", "For Rohingya in Bangladesh, No Place is Home", "World Military Spending Topped US$1 trillion in 2004", "Nuclear Watchdog asks Burma to Open Up Suspect Sites", "Alleged North Korean Involvement in Missile Assembly and Underground Facility Construction in Burma", "The World's Most Repressive Regimes 2013", "Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible With WTO Law? [90], In October 2012, the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict,[91] between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government;[92] a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State;[93] and a conflict between the Shan,[94] Lahu, and Karen[95][96] minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In regards to communications infrastructure, Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. [290], Refugee camps exist along Indian, Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in Malaysia. For several weeks, junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese,[86] Wa, and Kachin. The Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, 25 March 2016. They include Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Chin, and Chinese (mainly Hokkien). King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States. The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices. [208] Widespread violence, including evidence of indiscriminate killings and ethnic cleansing has been reported. [302] Theravāda Buddhism is the most widespread. In August 2007, an increase in the price of fuel led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates, but Myanmar's military forces' expenses are high. [51], By the 9th century, several city-states had sprouted across the land: the Pyu in the central dry zone, Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral. President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. [352], Coordinates: 22°N 96°E / 22°N 96°E / 22; 96, This article is about the country. Cet indicateur peut être interprété comme le nombre moyen d'enfants qu'aurait une génération fictive de femmes qui connaîtrait, tout au long de leur vie féconde, les taux de fécondité par âge observés en 2018. The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. [253], Myanmar is also the world's second largest producer of opium, accounting for 25% of entire world production and is a major source of illegal drugs, including amphetamines. The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media before publication. [302] According to the 2010 estimates of the Pew Research Center, 7% of the population is Christian; 4% is Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including Mahayana Buddhism, Hinduism, and East Asian religions. Under India's Look East policy, fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing,[140] oil and gas exploration,[141] information technology,[142] hydropower[143] and construction of ports and buildings. [348] In 2008, only 12 films worthy of being considered for an Academy Award were made, although at least 800 VCDs were produced. [241] In 2010–11, Bangladesh exported products worth $9.65 million to Myanmar against its import of $179 million. It is also used to write Pali, the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism, as well as several ethnic minority languages, including Shan, several Karen dialects, and Kayah (Karenni), with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language.[300]. Within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon, and the British administration had collapsed. Together with Ngwe Gaing and a handful of other artists, they were the pioneers of western painting style. [245], The military has the majority stakeholder position in all of the major industrial corporations of the country (from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism).[246][247]. Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. [221] In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future. Il est bordé par la mer dAndaman au sud et par le golfe du Bengale au sud-ouest, avec environ 2 000 kilomètres de côtes. Source : Le Département des affaires économiques et sociales des Nations Unies. [301][338] Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace. [274] In 2012, the Asian Development Bank formally began re-engaging with the country, to finance infrastructure and development projects in the country. In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes. The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females). [154] Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar.[155]. [288] Overseas Indians are 2%. [174][175][176][177] Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or "Burmisation" of certain ethnic minorities, such as the Karen, Karenni and Shan. The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country. Chronicle of National Development Comparison Between Period Preceding 1988 and after (up to 31 December 2006). Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. [115] The majority of Myanmar's population lives in the Irrawaddy valley, which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau. A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants, including 10 heads of state, 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world. Horloge de la population du Myanmar 56 235 485. Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Rangoon on occasion all the way until the 1930s. [21] The wealth was however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections, stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes; however, the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud. Pressing them, however, was the British East India Company, which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) It had been the world's largest exporter of rice. [61] With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being annexed on 1 January 1886. [233], Previously and currently analysed data, as well as future projections on changes caused by climate change predict serious consequences to development for all economic, productive, social, and environmental sectors in Myanmar. [272] During her first official visit to Washington, D.C., in September 2016, Myanmar's State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi met with U.S. President Barack Obama, who announced that long-standing trade sanctions against Myanmar are to be lifted, adding, "It is the right thing to do to ensure the people of Burma see rewards from a new way of doing business, and a new government.

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